Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) Practice Exam

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Which medication is associated with causing gingival hyperplasia?

Ibuprofen
Phenytoin
Metformin
Prednisone

The correct answer is: Phenytoin

The medication associated with causing gingival hyperplasia is phenytoin. Phenytoin, an anticonvulsant used primarily for epilepsy, is known to have several side effects, one of which is gingival hyperplasia. This condition involves an overgrowth of gum tissue, leading to swelling and enlargement. The mechanism behind this side effect is thought to be related to the drug's influence on fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis in the gingival tissue. In contrast, the other medications listed do not have this effect on the gums. Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), primarily addresses pain and inflammation but is not linked to gingival growth. Metformin, used to manage type 2 diabetes, and prednisone, a corticosteroid, have their own side effects but neither is known to cause gingival hyperplasia. Understanding the specific side effect profile of each medication can help in recognizing which drugs may lead to oral health issues, such as phenytoin’s association with gum overgrowth.