Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) Practice Exam

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What triad of symptoms is associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy?

Confusion, seizures, and paralysis
Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia
Ataxia, dysarthria, and memory loss
Ophthalmoplegia, akathisia, and anxiety

The correct answer is: Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia

The triad of symptoms associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy includes confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. This condition is primarily associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which is often seen in chronic alcoholics or those with malnutrition. Confusion often presents as altered mental status, ranging from disorientation to full-blown delirium. Ophthalmoplegia refers to the paralysis or weakness of the muscles around the eyes, leading to issues like double vision and inability to move the eyes properly. Ataxia is characterized by a lack of coordination and balance, affecting a person's ability to walk or perform other motor tasks effectively. The combination of these symptoms indicates a significant neurological impairment, and prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications, including progression to Korsakoff syndrome, which can result from untreated Wernicke's encephalopathy. Other options provided do not accurately represent the classic presentation of this condition, thus emphasizing the significance of the correct triad. Understanding this triad is vital for clinical recognition and timely intervention in patients who may be at risk.